Seated Liberty Dimes (1837–1891)

Fifty-Four Years, One Figure, Five Types

The Seated Liberty dime that appeared in 1837 carried a design that had been in development since at least 1835, when Mint Director Robert M. Patterson began pushing for a neoclassical replacement for the Capped Bust coinage. Chief Engraver William Kneass had sketched the initial concept before a stroke incapacitated him. Patterson then engaged Christian Gobrecht as Second Engraver, who drew on drawings by portraitist Thomas Sully and naturalist Titian Peale to develop the finished coin design. Gobrecht first applied the full composition to the pattern silver dollars of 1836, and in 1837 the seated figure reached the dime and half dime for circulation production. The image of Liberty seated on a rock, her left hand raising a pole topped with a Liberty cap, her right arm resting on a Union Shield inscribed LIBERTY, would remain the obverse design of the dime for 54 years. No earlier dime design held the denomination as long, and only the Roosevelt dime, struck from 1946, has since passed it: this figure outlasted wars, monetary crises, two rounds of silver content adjustment, the spread of dime coinage from Philadelphia alone to four mints, and the opinions of most of the people who worked on it.¹

For collecting purposes, five major types are generally recognized.

The 1838-O: First Silver Coin from a Branch Mint

The New Orleans Mint opened in 1838, one of three branch mints authorized by Congress in 1835 alongside Charlotte and Dahlonega. Charlotte struck its first 1838-C gold half eagle on March 28, 1838, making the Charlotte issue the first coin produced at any U.S. branch mint. The New Orleans Mint followed on May 7 and 8, striking 30 dimes from the No Stars design as inaugural pieces; ten were reportedly laid in the cornerstone of the New American Theatre. The 1838-O is thus the first coin produced at the New Orleans Mint and the first silver coin struck at any U.S. branch mint, since Charlotte and Dahlonega produced gold only. Its accepted mintage is 406,034 pieces, a figure that includes 1838-dated coins struck in early January 1839 from prior-year dies.²

The numismatic significance of this historical detail tends to be overstated in the wrong direction: collectors sometimes encounter the 1838-O described as the "first coin ever at a U.S. branch mint" without qualification, which is an error that Charlotte's March coinage corrects. What the 1838-O genuinely holds is the distinction of being the first silver coin at any branch mint and the inaugurating issue of what would become, over the following two decades, the most productive silver coinage facility outside Philadelphia. Mint State examples are rare, with the New Orleans facility's characteristically soft early strikes adding a conditional rarity layer on top of the already limited mintage.

Two Weight Changes, Two Sets of Arrows

The California Gold Rush disrupted silver values in the early 1850s. By 1853, silver's market price relative to gold had risen enough that the silver content of subsidiary coins was worth more in metal than in denomination, the standard recipe for a coinage crisis the Mint had encountered before and would encounter again. Congress authorized a weight reduction for all subsidiary silver coinage, dropping the dime from 2.67 grams to 2.49 grams. Arrowheads were placed on either side of the date on new dies to alert the public to the change, the same device applied simultaneously to the quarter and half dollar. The result was an enormous surge in demand for the newly lightened small silver: the 1853 Philadelphia dime alone had a mintage exceeding 12 million, the largest single-year Seated Liberty dime production before the 1870s.³

A second weight adjustment came with the Coinage Act of 1873, which increased the dime's authorized weight to 2.50 grams to align American coinage with metric standards; no user could have noticed the difference, but it doomed the dimes already struck at Carson City before the new dies arrived. Arrows reappeared at the date in 1873 and remained through 1874 before being removed again.

The Civil War and Its Effect on Philadelphia Mintages

By 1862, silver had vanished from Eastern circulation, hoarded by a public that distrusted government paper money and preferred any hard metal to the depreciated currency the war had forced into use. Philadelphia dime mintages collapsed entirely. The combined business strike production for 1863, 1864, 1865, 1866, and 1867 totaled about 49,000 pieces across five years. The 1863 had approximately 14,000 business strikes, and the 1867, at 6,000, had the lowest Philadelphia business-strike mintage of the series. These Civil War Philadelphia dates are among the most underappreciated rarities in nineteenth-century American silver coinage. Fine examples carry strong premiums over the common dates, and Mint State pieces exist only in small numbers. The general coin market tends to treat Seated Liberty dimes as a single undifferentiated type, which leaves the Civil War Philadelphia dates to specialists.⁴

San Francisco, unaffected by Eastern hoarding, continued striking dimes throughout the war years for Pacific Coast commerce where gold and silver circulated normally. The result is that the 1863 through 1867 S-mint dates have mintages in the hundreds of thousands while their Philadelphia counterparts were measured in the thousands, a reversal of the usual East-dominates-West production pattern that repeats in the Seated Liberty half dime series.

The motto IN GOD WE TRUST was added to silver coinage in 1866, appearing on a ribbon above the eagle on denominations with eagle reverses. The dime's reverse carried no eagle, only the cereal wreath and ONE DIME, so the motto never appeared on the Seated Liberty dime. The motto did not reach the dime until 1916.

The Carson City Dimes (1871–1878)

The Carson City Mint began striking dimes in 1871, producing them in eight consecutive years through 1878. All eight dates carry the CC mintmark on the reverse. The range of mintages across the eight years is unusually wide: from the low of approximately 10,817 in 1874 to the high of approximately 8,270,000 in 1876. The spread follows federal policy: from 1875 the government began retiring fractional paper currency with silver coin under the Specie Payment Resumption Act, and the 1875-CC, 1876-CC and 1877-CC account for nearly all of Carson City's dime output. The early CC dates from 1871 through 1874 are the most challenging, with the 1871-CC, 1872-CC, and 1874-CC commanding prices that reflect genuine rarity at any grade level. The mid-decade dates from 1875 and 1876 are far more available, the 1876-CC in particular circulating widely, though they still carry premiums over equivalent Philadelphia issues simply because Carson City coins have always attracted a collecting premium independent of mintage.⁵

An important authentication detail that anyone buying Carson City dimes should know: early CC dimes have only 89 reeds on their edges, while Philadelphia coins of the same era have 113. This difference makes it impossible to fabricate a convincing Carson City coin from a Philadelphia example simply by adding a CC mintmark; the edge would be wrong regardless of how skillfully the mark was punched. The specialist literature documents the distinction, including John McCloskey's study of Carson City edge reeding. PCGS and NGC certification is strongly recommended for any CC-mint Seated Liberty purchase above a modest price.

The 1873-CC No Arrows: One Coin Surviving from 12,400 Struck

Before new arrow-flanked obverse dies reached the Nevada facility in 1873, the Carson City Mint struck approximately 12,400 dimes at the old weight standard without arrows. Once the Coinage Act of 1873 took effect on April 1, coins at the old standard no longer met the law and could not be issued. Most or all of the 12,400 pieces were melted. Five were set aside as assay samples and shipped to Philadelphia for the Annual Assay Commission's testing. Exactly one 1873-CC No Arrows dime is known to exist today, and it is generally believed to be one of those assay pieces.⁶

The coin's pedigree extends to a May 1878 sale by dealer Edward Cogan, where it appeared as a single lot without special designation and sold, by Bowers's account in the Eliasberg catalog, for seventeen cents. The numismatic community of 1878 did not recognize what it had. The coin passed through Dr. Thomas P. Hall, DeWitt S. Smith and H.O. Granberg, sold through Wayte Raymond in 1915 to Rudolph Kohler for $170, went on to Waldo C. Newcomer, and was sold by B. Max Mehl to Charles M. Williams before coming to auction at the Abe Kosoff sale of the Adolphe Menjou collection in June 1950, where dealers James Kelly and Sol Kaplan purchased it together for $3,650. Louis Eliasberg, Sr. bought it on November 7, 1950 for $4,000, completing his quest for a coin of every date and mintmark combination in American coinage. The coin remained with Eliasberg until its sale by Bowers and Merena in May 1996 for $550,000. It sold again through Heritage in April 1999 at $632,500, then through Bowers and Merena in July 2004 at $891,250. In August 2012, graded Mint State 65 by PCGS, it sold as part of the Battle Born Collection at Stack's Bowers for $1,840,000. Its most recent sale was at Heritage Auctions in January 2023 for $3,600,000.⁷

The 1844 and Other Notable Scarce Dates

The 1844 Philadelphia dime, with a mintage of approximately 72,500, has been called "Little Orphan Annie" since the early 1930s, a nickname borrowed from the comic strip and attached to the date by collector Frank Ross. It is scarce in circulated grades and rare in Mint State, and it remains an obstacle for date-set collectors. The 1846, with roughly 31,300 pieces, is rarer still, representing the lowest business-strike mintage among the Stars Obverse dates. Casual buyers sometimes overlook how scarce the 1846 is because it lacks the public profile of more famous nineteenth-century rarities; its certified population is small, and high-grade examples are effectively unknown. The 1853 No Arrows Philadelphia dime, with approximately 95,000 pieces struck before the weight-reduction arrow dies arrived, is a transitional rarity collected as a distinct variety separate from the common 1853 With Arrows issue.⁸

Among the San Francisco issues, the first three years, 1856-S, 1858-S, and 1859-S, are all low-mintage coins in the range of 60,000 to 70,000 pieces. The 1885-S, with approximately 43,690 pieces, is the most significant late-series San Francisco key and consistently underpriced relative to its actual rarity in higher circulated grades. The 1860-O, with 40,000 pieces, is the only Legend Obverse dime New Orleans struck before 1891 and one of the rarest O-mint Seated Liberty dates. New Orleans Seated Liberty dimes generally suffer from weak strikes, and coins with full details from New Orleans carry premiums beyond their already meaningful date-rarity premiums.

The 1859 Transitional "Coin Without a Country"

When the Legend Obverse design was adopted in 1860, moving UNITED STATES OF AMERICA from the reverse to the obverse and introducing the cereal wreath reverse, a small number of transitional pieces were struck in 1859 combining the old Stars Obverse with the new cereal wreath reverse. These have been called "coins without a country" because the national identification appears on neither side: the obverse carries stars rather than the legend, and the new reverse carries a wreath rather than the UNITED STATES OF AMERICA legend that the old reverse had carried. The pieces are scarce, deliberately created by Mint Director James Ross Snowden to fill gaps in the Mint's own collection, and are collected as a distinct variety by specialists. They show how the Mint managed its own numismatic holdings.⁹

Mintmark Position Changes

The location of the mintmark on Seated Liberty dimes changed several times across the series, and getting this wrong in attribution is a common error. From 1838 through 1859, branch mintmarks appear within the reverse wreath, positioned below the denomination. With the Legend Obverse type of 1860, the mintmark moved to below the wreath, although the Stars Obverse 1860-S keeps it within. In 1875, Carson City and San Francisco used both positions, within the wreath and below it, the single-year exception that trips up attributors who learned the general rule without learning the exception. From 1876 through 1891, it stayed below the wreath. Confirming the expected mintmark position for a given year is an essential authentication check before purchasing any branch mint Seated Liberty dime.¹⁰

Building the Set

The five major types provide the framework for type-set collecting: a No Stars (1837 or 1838-O), a Stars Obverse, an Arrows at Date from 1853–1855, a standard Legend Obverse, and an Arrows at Date from 1873–1874. This five-coin set spans the full design history at modest cost for common-date selections, and it is a genuinely attractive representation of more than half a century of American monetary history in small silver.

A complete date-and-mintmark set is one of the most demanding projects in American dime collecting, and one that the hobby has never fully promoted the way it promotes completion of Morgan dollars or Lincoln cents. The series includes over 100 different date-mint combinations; completing it requires acquiring every Civil War Philadelphia date, every Carson City issue, and the 1873-CC No Arrows, a coin only one person can own at a time. Only a handful of collectors have ever completed the set, and those who have typically describe it as a decades-long endeavor. Brian Greer's The Complete Guide to Liberty Seated Dimes (Virginia Beach: DLRC Press, 1992) remains the definitive modern specialist reference. Ongoing research is published in The Gobrecht Journal, the publication of the Liberty Seated Collectors Club, and Gerry Fortin's online die variety catalogue at seateddimevarieties.com provides comprehensive attributions for variety collectors approaching the series at depth.